The aim of the study was to evaluate the level of knowledge, perception and adaptation techniques to climate change on rice agriculture worker in Hadeja and Kazaure Local-Government vicinity in Jigawa State of Nigeria. A total of 160 sample were selected and divided into two 80 samples per Local Government Area. Multi stage sample was used for selection of respondents. Data (primary) collected was made through the use of questionnaire. It was analyzed with the help of statistical tools (arithmetic mean, percentages and descriptive statistics) to draw up conclusions. Findings of the study were: Survey results regarding source of information of climate change shows that 20(25%) Hadeja and 30(37.5%). Regarding Climate change issue, information is relied on radio Kazaure. A total of 10(12.5%) and 9(11.2%) used extension agents. Majority of the respondents 33(41.2%) and 7(8.7%) used meteorological station to obtain their information. Perception of respondents regarding knowledge about climate change issues shows that 26(32.5%) Hadeja and 34(42.5%) Kazaure reported rising temperature. About 12(15%) and 9(11.5%) reported increase in pest attack and diseases. Opinion of respondents regarding adaptation measures revealed that 30(37.5%) Hadeja and 23(28.7%) Kazaure practiced enterprise diversification. While 8(10%) and 7(8.7%) adopted irrigation techniques. In view of above results, following recommendations are suggested. There is need to introduce new agricultural inputs and technology expansion of irrigational agriculture, involve NGOs on climate related issues, there is need on improving agriculture workers’ knowledge to climate change through training, conferences and seminars. On the basis of above, therefore, HO Null hypothesis is accepted and HA alternate hypothesis is rejected.

It can be argued that family support significantly contributes to the performance of working women. Thus family support is one of the important factors for increasing performance of the female teachers. In order to examine the level and intensity of family support, this research explores the social status of working women within family. The status of working women is directly linked to their income as well as their financial contribution to the family budget. In addition, this research also investigates the impact of the financial support to household on over all attitudes of family towards working women. In fact the financial contribution of working women improves the living standards of their families. Thus, the process of procuring support is based on mutual expectations in conscious and unconscious way. The outcome of these expectations can be found in the form of appreciation for the valuable contribution of women which generates motivation required for the effective performance of working women. The paper also recommends the key proposals for the improvement of the performance of the working women at workplace and it also suggests the ways and means about how to utilize the family support for increasing the performance of working women at workplace.

The general purpose of this study is to investigate factors that positively affect growth in the small and medium size enterprises (SMEs). Preliminary research highlighted the fact that few (if any), past studies had focused on the owners of SMEs and in particular if educational attainment and work experience had had any effect upon business growth. The author had a particular interest in Pakistani SMEs and coming from Sindh, was interested in investigating these factors in Handicraft SMEs currently operating/located in Hyderabad, as (despite being significant local employers), handicraft SMEs in the Hyderabad region have (due to sociopolitical and socio-economic reasons), long been neglected by local and regional government. In this study (after undertaking secondary research and following the literature review stage), the author concluded that a face-to-face structured interview with the owners of SMEs in the handicrafts sector, combined with a short questionnaire approach to data collection, would yield the best results given the limited budget and short timeframe. The results of this (albeit small-scale and limited) study, indicate that there was indeed some evidence of a positive link between the level of education (as well as the experience), of Hyderabad SME owners and business growth. At the very least, this highlights the need for further study, whilst at the same time making Hyderabad’s policy-makers aware of the potential benefits of investing in educational support for owners of local SMEs.

Personal social media use at work is usually deemed counterproductive work behavior reducing employee productivity. However, we hypothesized that it may actually help employees to coordinate work and non-work demands, which should in turn increase work-related innovative behavior. We collect data regarding the usability dimension of employees in social media, and their innovative behavior, and examine the proposed model through Sobel test and hierarchal linear regression methods. Data for this study were gathered through questionnaire from insurance companies (State Life Insurance and Adam Gee Insurance) located in Pakistan using purposive sample. The authors categorized social media usage into informational and socializing usage. The study confirmed the positive relationship of innovative behavior and social media usage for discussing, and sharing, information. The use of ideas in presence of cognition based trust leads to innovation that is crucial in modern professional world. This study contributes to the knowledge on the role of social media usage to enhance innovative experiences. Practitioners must realize that social media usage should be differentiated with reference to the outcomes of its usage. For instance, using social media for social interaction should be encouraged because doing so may enable individuals to effectively grasp and transfer their experience for their personal development.

Karachi’s situation is very difficult to address. Three decades of violence has taken its toll on the socio-economic fabric of the city. The operational side of addressing the conflict situation has met with successes in post-Karachi operation. The figures are indicative of the strides made to break the infrastructure of the terrorism in Karachi, which also had political and international linkages. The backbone of the terrorists has been broken, main infrastructure dismantled, sleeping cells are now being targeted and lots of pre-emptive intelligence based operations are being carried out in Karachi. However, what has made the task of addressing the conflict matrix of Karachi more daunting and challenging is the resurfacing of the hard core realities: first, the criminal groups; armed groups and the non-state actors have overt and covert support of the political parties, second, this has resulted in the operation supposedly acquiring a political dimension, which is being resisted and resented by the mainstream political parties of Sindh as well as Karachi. The sustainability of the operation lies in addressing the issues of politicization of over stretched and under-funded police, lack of political will to take difficult decisions and the ability of political parties to clean their ranks and files and the issue of governance and de-weaponization of the city.

This paper discusses representation of historical accounts in Tariq Ali’s two novels The Book of Saladin (1998) and The Stone Woman (2000) through their close reading. These two novels are from Islam Quintet- a series of five historical novels about Muslims and their clash with the Christians in from twelfth to twenty first century. As these novels are for the much part historical; depicting political and cultural history of two different eras of Muslim (1187 and 1899); the novels have been analyzed through the New Historicist study as its theoretical perspective. New Historicist study calls for the researcher to go outside text itself to have a deeper understanding of the milieu and epoch of the time depicted in the proposed novels. Because New Historicists believe, “Representation of history is the matter of interpretation not facts and emphasis impossibility of objective analysis” (Tyson, 2006). In order to carry this out, the method of textual analysis is conducted. Textual Analysis, as McKee holds, is useful for researchers working in cultural studies (McKee, 2001). The end of the analysis is to have a turnout of a deeper comprehension of the relationship between textual and historical depiction in the text. Furthermore by applying knowledge of historical ideas for the interpretation of a specific literary text it attempts to investigate the value and relevance of historical knowledge applied to text. The endeavor made in the paper explores that Ali’s these two novels are fundamentally historical; political structures and ideological conflicts are central to the theme of the text. But not much objective interpretation, on the part of author, is observed during study. The text is the discursive production of the events laid down in history. The text supports the minority group of the time.

The aim of this research paper is to evaluation the service recovery strategy in the cellular industry of Pakistan. The switching of customers from one cellular company to another is common which is shown low satisfaction due to some gap of effective service recovery. Effective service recovery keeps the customer loyal if it is properly implemented after the service failure especially in the service industry. The earlier literature of 2015 study reveals and proved the effective role of service recovery strategies in Cellular Industry of Egypt. The research conducted in the Cellular Industry of Pakistan as such kinds of research does not conduct in Pakistan with a broad spectrum of service recovery. This could lead to effective service recovery strategies for retention of customers. Keeping the service recovery theory this research used service recovery strategies adopted a model from an earlier study in the cellular industry of Pakistan through Convenient Survey of 99 customers of Sukkur & Larkana Divisions of mobile companies. The quantitative method and the five liker scale used from strongly disagree to strongly agree. The SPSS 18 is used for data Reliability, Factor Analysis, correlation analysis, ANNOVA and Multiple regressions. The 41 items of variables used of service recovery dimensions like an apology, compensation, Explanations, Follow-up, Facilitation, Speed of Response, Courtesy, Efforts, Response, Problem Solving and repurchase intentions. The customer recovery scale proved the high reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha 0.968), acceptable ratio factor analysis (Above 5 & 6 value in KMO Test & above 1 in Eigen Value), correlations (lower the value 0.7 or 0.6) and ANNOVA (significance value 0.00). The results showed that apology, facilitations, the speed of response, efforts and problems solving are very important aspects that have an impact on customer repurchase intentions with service recovery. This index is potential value for establishing alink between customer repurchase intention and customer service recovery strategy which can contribute to the retention of the client with the company in long term. The manager must focus on immediate complaint resolution system to retain their clients. This study is comprehensive and not done in Pakistan at such scale level and can contribute to effective service recovery. This research was limited in the area because only Sukkur and Larkana Divisions were focused on gathering data, due to time constraint the data was gathered from only 99 respondents only. This research focused on nine dimensions of service recovery while there are many others.

The aim this paper is to review the major psycho-social theories in order to understand. Thus, the paper discusses five theories, such as Drive Theory: The Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis; Relative Deprivation Theory of Terrorism; The Negative Identity Hypothesis; The Narcissistic Rage Hypothesis; and Social Learning & Social Cognitive Theory. The paper argues that sociological and psychological understanding of terrorism is the most important factor to curb this phenomenon.

Leadership styles practiced around the world vary situation to situation and organization to organization. There is no fixed style of leadership that is preferred across the board. Therefore, it is not possible to say that any one leadership style should be effective for all people and in all situations. However some are preferred more than others. In this study we selected three styles of leadership on the basis of assumption and understanding of Sui Southern Gas Company Limited. Therefore this is the limitation of the study. In the survey that we conducted we found that although there is a leadership preference by the respondents but in practice they do not observe what they preach. This is a contradiction of their own statements. We conclude that among the three leadership styles that we took for the survey none of them is practiced as such in the company.

This paper intends to analyze the role of microfinance in the development of agriculture farming in rural areas of Sindh, Pakistan. The attempt has been made to correlate the extent of microfinance lending in the process of development of agriculture business in rural economy. Microfinance lending has been provided by Microfinance institutions (MFIs) to rural people in the shape of small loans of different features for seasonal crops in the rural areas. In order to analyze this effect of microfinance on agriculture farming in rural Sindh. This study has randomly selected small farmers in the villages of Mirpurkhas district in Sindh province of Pakistan. These selected farmers were the clients of different microfinance providers working in the area and had got loans for the agriculture purposes and utilized credit amount for the purchase of required inputs in their seasonal crops. Mostly these small loans were disbursed to small land owners, poor tenants and landless laborers through the community groups in the selected villages. The aim of study was to explore the benefits of microfinance lending to rural farmers and to analyze a relationship between microfinance and agriculture farming. The study was conducted to test the hypothesis that microfinance lending had a significant relationship in the development of agriculture farming in the rural areas. The results of study show the positive role of small loans on crop production and enhancement in agricultural income of rural people.

The issue of begging is a universal phenomenon, and it is not specific to any part of the country. Beggary is the most unconventional, social evil and curse in a society but, it is also an integrated socio-economic factor in a society. The present paper investigates beggary in Hyderabad division from sociological perspective. For that, the aim and objectives were developed. On the basis of the aim and objectives, some hypotheses were formulated for verification. The data was collected through survey questionnaire from the beggars of Hyderabad division. The total samples were 385. The data was analyzed through Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 21.0 for windows. The results of Pearson’s correlation show that there is a positive and significant relationship among poverty, unemployment, special days, crime, educational background, and beggary. This study may be proved through a road map assessing for beggary in Pakistan, particularly in Sindh. This study may also be helpful in order to know and understand the causes, consequences as well as factors which urge the people to beg.

This paper contains a discourse based on the two mystical aspects of G. Allana’s poetry- the Pantheism and Immanentism. These two aspects have been the subject matter of the mystic thought. The followers of the Sufi path are classified in these two categories of Sufism. Some Sufis consider that Pantheism is the “unity of existence” while others consider that ‘Immanentism’ is the ‘unity of existence’ whereas pantheism ‘manifestation of existence’. Thus Immanentism and Pantheism are the substitutes of the Arabic Sufi terms- Wahadat-ul-Wujood and Wahdatul Shahu respectively. Though both the aspects outwardly stand different and opposite, they to great extent stand the two sides of one coin within the systems of a monotheistic religion. The polytheistic religion having the concept of various deities, go with some other bargain. The entire discourse is based upon the concept that the reality be one only, one has to realize the Truth no matter if it has various manifestation and focus. This research study tries to make this difference clear in the perspective of an analysis and evaluation of G. Allana’s mystical poems. The conclusion is given at the end.

The present paper explicates the underlying structure of the title chapter of Sara Suleri’s memoir Boys Will Be Boys (2003). Though interesting yet complex, the selected text creates difficulty for the novice readers to understand the theme of the narrative. Therefore, to make the text understandable for the naïve readers, the paper applies Barthesian theory of five codes for the theory helps a reader to unfold the tightly woven structures of a narrative (Barthes, 1974; Zaib and Mashori, 2014). Following codebased textual analysis, the study observes that the target narrative embodies all the proairetic, hermeneutic, semic, symbolic and cultural voices. From beginning to end, the narrative seems enigmatic and suspenseful to the reader wherein different words like “pip”, “mozzi” and “hodgepodge” stand for their connotative meanings. Similarly, binary polarity is structured in the delineation of the characters of girls and boys. Further, the text is enriched with the cultural references of East and West. Finally, the paper argues that the exploration of the narrative in the light of Barthesian five codes makes the reading understandable for the naïve beginners.

The transition between Paleolithic culture to Neolithic culture developed another phase of Stone Age called Mesolithic. It was a transformation from hunting phase to farming phase of human prehistoric culture. The Mesolithic period was important because of new techniques developed for making small size flint-chert chipped tools called microliths. Discovery of Mesolithic sites in the Mulri Hill of Karachi is an important addition in discoveries of other Mesolithic sites in the Thar Desert region of Sindh in Pakistan and Rajasthan in India. The exploration of Mesolithic settlements in the Mulri Hill was started in late 1960s when it was a barren scarp mesa. In 1980 Mulri Hill was announced part of urban housing scheme which is nowan urban housing settlement. Fortunately the stone assemblage discovered from the Mulri Hill in late 1960s and 1970s have been preserved in the Geography Department of Karachi University. It is important that this important discovery must be known to researchers for further studies in the Mesolithic age of Pakistan.

General Pervez Musharraf’s Government re-established the administrative structure and started to use the language for improving the tasks of the local government in Pakistan. He started the program of decentralization to devolve the powers and authorities with the name of ‘Devolution of Powers’. Local people and their representatives at the grassroots level were empowered because of the set up local governments. The purpose of the research is to investigate local government system and its functions introduced in Musharraf’s period. This will enable us to understand the participation of people in the scheme of devolution of powers. An important aim of the article is to highlight the problems and issues faced at the local level and to assess the effectiveness of local government system and their influences on the administrative system of Pakistan.

The exercise of English as a medium of instruction, in schools in Pakistan, has given opening to an elongated debate whether English verifies to be better than any of the native languages especially to build up the learner’s cognitive and comprehension level at Secondary School. This research article argues that students comprehend more and perform better in Grade VIII General Science Subject when they are taught in their mother tongue. The n = 68 public secondary/higher secondary school of Hyderabad District were taken as the sample. The two groups of the Class VIII students comprised 630 from which 360 from mother tongue and 270 from nonmother tongue respectively were taken as a sample. An appropriate achievement test was developed to inspect the discrepancy and reasons of confusion due to medium of instruction. Achievement test of 25 items from “General Science” was developed in English, Sindhi / Urdu languages, measuring the knowledge as well as comprehension of the learners. The investigator used simple statistics percentage to analyze the data. The results of the study demonstrate that students’ comprehension is better when taught in their mother tongue. This understanding enhances their cognition level as well. At the end it has been recommended that the teachers must use at least bilingual approach in the class to make the students’ concept clear. Training courses must be held from time to time to equip teachers with the latest material and methods of teaching especially the science subjects.

People living on earth are socially connected due to their social needs and social actions. Such social actions and social needs are root-cause of various social relationships. The art of building true relationships is one of social actions which create harmony and tolerance among the people. Shah’s poetry offers openness to demonstrate good behavior and make global relationships with glowing understanding of spiritual concepts about different religions. There are poetic signs and symbols which connect hearts of people together in the same way as social needs are ground reasons of peaceful relationships. This poetry is a creative attempt with many signs and symbols of love, peace and spirituality. Like the poetic words are very catchy and appealing with unique spiritual flavour that starts its function of connecting people together while enjoying the reading as well as listening spiritual music (Shah-Jo-Raag). The unique flavour of reciting verses is genuinely food for human inner-soul and thought that creates a collective wish of social solidarity. Through the spiritual symbols of Shah’s poetry many intellectual scholars are globally connected in the present era of terrorism and frustrations because the continuous pursuit of reading Shah’s poetry and listening spiritual music promotes sense of spirituality among the people on becoming peaceful citizens. This worthwhile poetry helps on improving the sense of spirituality and such capability is the basic need of our present as well as future generations.

This research paper reports regarding the style of Elsa Kazi’s English poetry which manifests lexical and syntactic deviations along with parallel pattern of anaphora and epistrophe. The theory of stylistics by Leech (1969) along with qualitative method of research has been used for the interpretation of data. The data have been collected from her book Terrestrial and Celestial Echoes and it has been analyzed on the basis of documentary method as suggested by Bryman (2004). It has been inferred and found that Elsa Kazi is a unique poet with her structural patterns which create absurdity and strangeness in her language use. In this way, she becomes persuasive poet with rhetorical emphasis and motivational force.

Nowadays, the immersion of technology is fundamental attribute of every business sector and banking sector is no exception to this. This research endeavor is aimed at investigating the relationship and the impacts of E-SQ and customers’ E-satisfaction on customers’ E-loyalty pertinent to utilizing internet banking services. In order to achieve study objectives, the modified E-SERVQUAL instrument was employed to evaluate E-SQ of internet banking services offered by commercial banks in Pakistan. Drawn from random sampling, the study data were collected through survey questionnaire from 318 internet banking users. This study identified that privacy, assurance-fulfillment, efficiency-system availability, contactresponsiveness as well as website layout and guide comprises various aspects of E-SQ concerning internet banking service. The study findings revealed that contact-responsiveness; website layout and guide, and efficiency-system availability components of E-SQ pertinent to internet banking offerings could positively influence customers’ E-satisfaction. Customers’ E-satisfaction revealed positive association with E-loyalty. The nexus between website layout and guide component of E-SQ and customers’ E-Loyalty was found partially mediated by customers’ E-satisfaction. This study demonstrates that the website’s layout and its user friendliness, and the relevancy and timeliness of information/guidance offered by the bank websites are the key attributes, valued by the users of internet banking. This study concludes that although, the technical and functional attributes of website’s E-SQ, for instance: efficiency, fulfillment, as well as system availability are important factors, however, the appropriate layout and sufficient guidance offered by websites also appeared key dimensions to define the magnitude of E-SQ, that could lead towards customers’ Esatisfaction and E-loyalty.

Present study is an attempt to estimate welfare loss in selected flood affected districts of Northern Sindh (Qamber Shahdadkot, Kashmore- Kandhkot, Jacobabad and Shikarpur). Ordinary Least Squares Method is used to estimate household demand equations of the selected items from household expenditure survey. The study is unique in its approach of measuring welfare loss using household data. Previous studies have applied either various risk measurement approaches to measure loss of lives. In addition some studies have used cost measurement approved to investigate the issue. The estimated loss in all selected districts is approximately PKR 61.16 billion. The assistance provided to flood affected population in cash and kind under phases of rescue, relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction was equal to PKR 47.2 billion. Total identified gap in intervention is of 22.8% on average or PKR 15 Billion. Given the average family size and number of households in rural areas of Sindh, the household loss is averaged up to PKR 11703.

The recent financial crises 2007/2008 revealed that the current banking regulations stood inadequate to avoid prevent banks from taking in unnecessary risk actions. Therefore, Bank for International settlement (BIS) and G-20 leaders endorsed a new international standard of banking regulations by revising previous Basel II rule into Basel III in late 2010, so as to enhance the quality including quantity of capital, leverage ratio and liquidity standards, which infect has become a challenge for nationals to implement these strict reforms under their existing banking system. Thus, this will ensure a huge influence upon the world’s commercial schemes and economies. On the other side, recently strengthened principal and fluidity necessities would make worldwide economic systems safer than earlier ones. Since, enhanced safety will become costly for banks to grip additional principal and to be extra liquefied, investment facilities will be inflexible to attain but less risky. The implementation impact of Basel III in long run to engage both banks and regulators in Pakistan about the operation and management changes within legal framework will result in a sound and stable banking system.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between financial incentives and employees performance as well as to know the magnitude of impact of each of the offered financial incentives on the performance of employees. The research includes primary and secondary data sources. Primary data was collected through closed ended questionnaire which was prepared through five points Likert Scale. Using simple random sampling method one hundred questionnaires were distributed among employees work in National Bank of Pakistan. National Bank of Pakistan is one of the largest financial institutes in the country which has domestic and foreign branches and large pool of employees work since long time. Secondary data was collected through published records, annual reports and other published material of the bank. In order to know the internal consistency among items used in questionnaire, chronback alpha was used and the results of all independent and dependent variables’ items were significant and internally consistent. Data was analyzed using multiple regression technique with the help of software i.e. statistical packages for social sciences (SPSS). The data analysis results of multiple regression confirmed that independent variables i.e. salary, bonus, promotion, group insurance, medical allowance and interest free loans have significant impact on dependent variable i.e. employees performance. The research studies concluded that financial incentives offered by National Bank have significant impact on their employees performances.

This research paper identifies different variables that affect customer satisfaction in the restaurants of Hyderabad. This study identified 16 indicators of 3 variables, price, quality and service, for customer satisfaction. The research is based on quantitative methods and data was collected from 4 major restaurants, BAR-B-Q Tonight, Lamosh, Royal Taj and Mirchi 360. Questionnaires were designed to collect data from sample size of 80. By using random sampling method 20 samples were selected from each restaurant. The data was analyzed through correlation, ANOVA, and R square interpretations.

This study investigates the awareness of women rights among female teachers and students of different public sector universities. The aim of the study is to compare the importance of awareness regarding their rights between highly educated and less educated women. The results of this study indicate that women have insignificant awareness about women rights and laws on the whole. However, the findings highlight that victims, advocates, researchers, human rights defenders and other social activists have sufficient knowledge about women rights and legislation. Major causes of unawareness are negligence of legal rights and laws, unfavorable attitude of the society towards legal support of legislation and lack of media coverage. Moreover, this study implies that public sector universities, NGOs and civil society should organize awareness programs and run more massive awareness campaigns at university level.

It is the matter of severe concern that almost 50% World’s population consist on women but majority of them still confined within home premises and generally do not have permission to work out to generate revenue for themselves or family. Even the work areas for women are categorically restricted merely few disciplines like teachers, doctors, nurses etc. They are still miles away to get recognition in several other fields like male and particularly as an entrepreneur. This study is mainly focused to evaluate the impact of four major constraints (i) Financial Constraints (FC), Cultural Constraints (CC), Marketing Constraints (MC) and Technological Constraints (TC) on the performance of Sindhi Women Entrepreneurs (SWE). This Empirical study is focused on six districts of Sindh province like Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Larkana, Mirpurkhas and Sanghar. The Hypothesis are tested by Multiple Regression Analysis to evaluate the significance level of constraints on the Performance of SWE. The findings of this study are very interesting as some presumed constraints like joint family system is out righted rejected by the women entrepreneurs. Further there is visible difference between the rural and urban women entrepreneurs as Sindhi Women Entrepreneurs of rural areas are facing severe cultural constraints while urban SWE are facing more constraints in Marketing of their products. Technology has equally severe constraints for both rural and urban SWE. The application of this study is very wide and has positive impact on the economic growth of every country.

Language teaching and learning is highly significant for comprehensible human social interaction. The concept of global village has increased its importance manifold. Language teaching becomes more critical when it is the case of a foreign language. English is taught as a foreign language in the formal education systems of Pakistan from class-I to XII in general. Syllabus designing and incorporating of the suitable material in textbooks/teaching material is equally important for successful and objectoriented learning. Present study has critically analyzed the ELT syllabus at secondary level in multiple dimensions. A special focus has been placed on syllabus designed by Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (FBISE) Islamabad, education policies, textbooks and interprovincial understanding on the syllabus in the perspective of ELT at secondary level. The study has identified certain grey areas in this regard for a serious consideration by the educationists and education policy makers.

Language plays an important role with its variety of techniques in the attainment and sustenance of power. Euphemism is one such way in power related dimensions. The current paper is intended to critically unearth the use of euphemism and dysphemism in safeguarding power. The idea has been explored in the political autobiography titled “In the Line of Fire (2006)” by General Rtd. Pervez Musharraf under the heterogeneous paradigm of critical discourse analysis with its outlook towards politics, power, discrimination, inequality and exploitation. The ideas regarding the showing-off one’s positive face and highlighting others’ negative aspects have been exploited from Teun Van Dijk (1998) named as ideological square. These ideas have further been collaborated with the outlines on euphemistic expressions devised by Thomas et.al., (2004). During the critical analysis of the said discourse, it has been found out that euphemized expressions are used abundantly in implicit and explicit ways as powershield along with some other objectives. The author has tried really hard to create mild effects of controversial issues related to his thoughts, policies and doings. These euphemistic expressions therefore serve the purpose to shield power and can also be viewed in other political discourse.

The present study was conducted to examine the relationship between intrinsic religiosity and attitudes towards harsh punishment to criminals. Sample of the study consisted of 171 university students (n=171, males, n=86; females, n=85). The age ranged from 19-22 years (Mean age=20.76 yrs). Two questionnaires namely Punishment Attitude Scale (PAS) and Extrinsic–Intrinsic Religiosity Questionnaire (EIRQ) were administered on the sample. It was hypothesized that intrinsically motivated participants would favour punishment to criminals more than the extrinsic oriented participants. There would be significant gender differences in the attitudes towards punishment to criminals. Findings revealed non-significant gender differences in the attitude towards harsh punishment to criminals. Intrinsically religious participants favoured harsh punishment to criminals more than the extrinsic oriented participants. The implications of the study are important for improving the social order through firm implementation of the law and rules. These are the key factors for peace and stability within society.

The rural women take a part in livestock management and household activities regularly. Despite of that their contributions are undervalued. Agricultural and livestock activities are the most important source of income for rural households in Pakistan. In 2016- 17 livestock contributed 58.33 per cent of the overall agricultural contribution to Pakistan’s GDP. The rural women actively participate in the crop production from the sowing to the harvesting of major crops like wheat, cotton, rice and sugarcane and the allied fields of the agriculture sector like livestock management. Majority of rural women involved in livestock activities such as cleaning animal sheds, feeding of animals, caring of animals, gathering dung, preparing milking products and market activities such as ghee, eggs milk, butter along with the household chores. However they spent some time on leisure activities. This study was conducted to explore rural women’s time framework in livestock management in terms of work structure in rural areas of Sindh. A multi-stage sampling was used to collect the information from the sampling size of 323 women respondents. Data was collected with a combination of quantitative & qualitative data with the help of interview, questioner participant observation, focus group discussion, analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. The study shows that the female respondents spent more than 50 percent of their time on the above activities out of which on average livestock management occupies more than 5 hours in a day, whereas, proportionately marketing activities comprise less than one hour.

Textile is the largest industry of Pakistan, which caters to 40 percent employees of the country. Site area Kotri is a hub of employment for Jamshoro district and other adjacent areas. This study sought to analyze the causes of turnover that can be controlled in order decrease employees’ turnover and maintain organizational effectiveness. Sample consists of 105 employees selected randomly from textile mills situated in Site area Kotri. Data were collected by closed-ended questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS 24.0 in terms of mean, multiple regression, and Pearson correlation. Education level, alternate job opportunities, job security, rewards and benefits, work environment, management style, and overtime availability were found to have significant effects on turnover intention, whereas age, marital status, tenure and attraction to gratuity withdrawal do not have significant effects on turnover intention. The factors found as causes of turnover need to be improved in order to retain employees in organization, who will help in achieving organizational goals.

This paper examines the importance of feedback on Washback Impact of the annual examination of M.A in English Literature from test-takers to improve the quality and validity of the exam. M.A in English Literature is recognized as most prestigious degree as compared to other master degree programs from college side. It opens the doors of opportunities of jobs for candidates. The University of Sindh started Master Degree Program in English Literature at Government Girls College, Hyderabad and Government College, Kali Mori. The examination was conducted in 2015 by University of Sindh. The 400 test-takers appeared in the annual exam. To investigate the feedback from the test-takers the qualitative approach was used in this study. The research instrument for data collection used was semi-structured interviews. The participants of the study were 20 male and female candidates of the two local colleges of district Hyderabad. The participants were of the same age group from 23 to 24 years. The results and findings showed that test-takers have strong positive and negative consequences of the examination. Their utmost desire was to share their views about the exam to the university authority. The significance of the study is feedbacks from test-takers are important to enhance the quality and validity of the exam and it helps test developers to maintain quality and validity of the exam.

During World War-1 (1914-1918), the Turks had fought by the side of the Germans. Turkey had been considered by Europe as a thorn in its side. The allied powers, in response, introduced the Arabs to the idea of Arab nationalism and self determination so as to fragment the ottoman Caliphate. In order to curb the Khilafat movement, the British Government decided to neutralize its religious appeal in Britishers continent. Britishers got Fatwa (religious decree) from the pro government scholar Maulana Faiz-ul-Karim and was duly signed by 95 religion scholars. An attempt was made in the Fatwa to prove that the Khilifat movement was against Islam, and Ottoman caliphs belong to the Tatari race not from Quresh.